下面这篇文章到底是在说给小孩子奖励是好的还是不好的呢？拜托了

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study there relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," say Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades. In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

匿名用户 2008-10-03 22:27

满意回答

好 Behaviorists, who study there relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school 这句密躬话丛录说明筝糕指最后一段也说明

匿名用户 2008-10-03 22:31

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文中说了两个相反的观点，但我认为，作者是赞同第二种观点，也就是说，给孩子奖励并不好。另外，关于奖励上，在低年级和高年级学生中是不一样的。这从最后一段话可以看出。你问的“小孩子”具体指？

匿名用户 2008-10-04 00:09

这个是原文的翻译啊，你看看啊！心理学家采取反对的观点外在奖励，从温暖的称赞到现钱，怎样影响刺激和创造性。行为主义者，学习那里在行动和他们的后果之间的联系，争辩说，奖励可能在工作和学校改进表现。认知研究员，学习精神生活的各种各样的方面，主张奖励由供试用的令人鼓舞依赖性经常毁坏从其他的创造性和礼...物。后者看法获取了许多支持者，特别是在教育家之中。但是对小金钱奖励的仔细的用途激发在品级学校孩子的创造性，建议适当地被提出的引诱的确援助创造力，根据在个性和社会心理学6月学报的一项研究。 " 如果孩子知道they' 奖励的再工作，并且可能集中于一项相对地富挑战性任务，他们显示多数创造性， " 在纽瓦克Eisenberger说特拉华大学的罗伯特。 " 但是it' 容易的s通过给恶劣的表现的奖励或创造对rewards."的许多预期杀害创造性; 不断地引起对奖励的注意或实施普通的成就的高级最终获得无灵感的学生的老师， Eisenberger举行。例如后者点，他在主要大学注意生长努力加强分级的标准和恢复不及格。在更加早期的成绩，使用所谓的代币经济，学生处理富挑战性问题并且接受基于表现指向被重视的奖励，在提高显露才华努力和创造性，特拉华心理学家要求。

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匿名用户 2008-10-03 22:29